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املا و واژ ه آموزی
جمله هایی را که در آن ها یکی از واژه های «عظمت».«طبیعت»و«محکم» به کار رفته است، بنویسید
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Leadership
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The generic term leader redirects here. For other specific uses of the word Leader, see Leader (disambiguation)
To comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, this article may need to be rewritten.Please help improve this article. The discussion page may contain suggestions.
The word leadership can refer to:
The process of leading.
Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading.
The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology, usage and conceptual scope
2 Categories and types of leadership
3 The Psychology of Leadership
4 The Embodiment of Leadership
5 Leadership associated with positions of authority
5.1 Leadership cycles
5.2 Titles emphasizing authority
5.3 Symbolism of leadership
6 Leadership amongst primates
7 Scope of leadership
8 Orthogonality and leadership
9 Support-structures for leadership
10 Determining what makes "effective leadership"
10.1 Suggested qualities of leadership
10.2 Leadership "styles" (per House and Podsakoff)
11 Leadership and vision
12 Leadership's relation with management
13 Leadership by a group
13.1 Co-leadership
13.2 Divided leadership
14 Historical views on leadership
15 Alternatives to leadership
16 See also
17 References
17.1 General references
18 External links
[edit] Terminology, usage and conceptual scope
Look up Leadership inWiktionary, the free dictionary.
House defines "leadership" organizationally and narrowly as "the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members." Organizationally, leadership directly impacts the effectiveness of costs, revenue generation, service, satisfaction, earnings, market value, share price, social capital, motivation, engagement, and sustainability.[citation needed] Leadership is the ability of an individual to set rules for others and lead from the front. It is an attitude that influences the environment around us.
Compare the discussions on group leadership and ad hoc leadership above. One can also characterize leadership by the period of the authority, as in "During the 1940s Russia was under Stalinist leadership". In formal the term can also serve to describe the position or relationships which allow and legitimize the exercising of what one might term "leadership behavior".
In some languages the term for a leader and the term for the principle of leadership have very different meanings. Furthermore, note the different connotations of a synonym of the word "leader" adopted from the German: the word Führer, and its accompanying ideas on the Führerprinzip.
In would-be controlling groups such as the military, political parties, ruling élites, and other belief-based enterprises like religions or businesses, the idea of leadership can become a Holy Grail and people can come to expect transformational change stemming from the leader; such entities may encourage their followers and believers to worship leadership, to respect it, and to strive (whether realistically or not) to become effective in it. Ideally, one cannot buy or sell leadership in the military; instead, leaders must ratify their position of command in the hearts and minds of their soldiers in order to obtain the best from them. Followers in such a situation may become uncritically obedient. Personal strategies that one can use to guard against the unrealistic expectations associated with belief in leaders include:
maintaining a questioning attitude
bolstering confidence in one's own decision-making abilities
seeking independent verification through appropriate measurement and reporting infrastructures
Wallis Kinnng Associates
[edit] Categories and types of leadership
One can categorize the exercise of leadership as either actual or potential:
actual - giving guidance or direction, as in the phrase "the emperor has provided satisfactory leadership".
potential - the capacity or ability to lead, as in the phrase "she could have exercised effective leadership"; or in the concept "born to lead".
In both cases, as a result of the constancy of change some people detect within the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the act of learning appears fundamental to certain types of leading and leadership. When learning and leadership coalesce, one could characterize this as "learnership".
Leadership can have a formal aspect (as in most political or business leadership) or an informal one (as in most friendships). Speaking of "leadership" (the abstract term) rather than of "leading" (the action) usually implies that the entities doing the leading have some "leadership skills" or competencies.
[edit] The Psychology of Leadership
One of the differentiating factors between Management and Leadership is the ability or even necessity to Inspire. A Leader, one who can instill passion and direction to an individual or group of individuals, will be using Psychology to affect that group either consciously or unconsciously.
Those who seem to be "Natural Leaders" and effectively inspire groups without really knowing the strategies or tactics used are considered Charismatic Leaders. The conscious Leader on the other hand applies a variety of psychological tactics that affect the “reactions” of a group to the environment they exist in.
In numerous "directive" (meaning to willfully direct as opposed to unconsciously do) Organizational psychology disciplines such as “Directive Communication” by Arthur F Carmazzi and theories like “The ripple effect” by Sigal Barsade, leadership is a product of awareness and command of the reactions and influences of a group on the individual as well as the individual on the group.
A Leader's successful application of directive organizational psychology by modifying specific leadership behaviors towards the group, will yield an Organizational culture that is in essence “inspired”.
[edit] The Embodiment of Leadership
Most research into leadership mistakenly focused on cognitive and intellectual processes, forgetting the important fact that every cognitive process is an embodied process. In the book Leading People the Black Belt Way, Timothy Warneka accurately points out that, “Great leadership begins with the body.”
People are living, organic beings, and medical research is increasingly recognizing the truth that mind and body are, in fact, one. While we often speak about mind and body as separate entities, great leaders understand that mind and body are, in reality, two sides of the same coin. Superior leaders recognize further that an awareness of their own physical selves is a critical component of their success. In a very real way, our toes, stomachs, and shoulders are on equal footing (pardon the pun) with our thoughts and ideas. As with any other tool, however, leaders must be trained to use embodied leadership technology appropriately and effectively.
In leadership, as in the martial arts, your stance is critical to your success. If you have a weak stance, then every way you lead will be fundamentally flawed. For example, if you have a weak stance in your emotional life, then you will have significant difficulties when you attempt to lead other people relationally. Recalling that we are embodied beings, I do not mean the word stance to be understood only metaphorically. I am also using the word stance in the literal sense, in terms of how leaders actually carry themselves physically when they lead others. Learning embodied stance will deepen your capacity for experiencing your own emotions, and better equip you to cope with the emotions of others, from the lighthearted to the highly conflicted. Your stance, you will learn, has a very literal, not to mention enormous impact on your ultimate success as a leader.
[edit] Leadership associated with positions of authority
In On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History, Thomas Carlyle demonstrated the concept of leadership associated with a position of authority. In praising Oliver Cromwell's use of power to bring King Charles I to trial and eventual beheading, he wrote the following: "Let us remark, meanwhile, how indispensable everywhere a King is, in all movements of men. It is strikingly shown, in this very War, what becomes of men when they cannot find a Chief Man, and their enemies can." [1]
From this viewpoint, leadership emerges when an entity as "leader" contrives to receive deference from other entities who become "followers". And as the passage from Carlyle demonstrates, the process of getting deference can become competitive in that the emerging "leader" draws "followers" from the factions of the prior or alternative "leaders".
In representative democracies the people retain sovereignty (popular sovereignty) but delegate day-to-day administration and leadership to elected officials. In the United States, for example, the Constitution provides an example of recycling authority. In the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the American Founders rejected the idea of a monarch. But they still proposed leadership by people in positions of authority, with the authority split into three powers: in this case the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary. Under the American theory, the authority of the leadership derives from the power of the voters as conveyed through the electoral college. Many individuals share
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مقاله:
چگونگی ایجاد جو مطلوب در کلاس درس
فهرست:
جوسازی مطلوب در کلاس درس
نگاهی به تاثیر و کاربرد رنگ در مطلوب سازی مدیریت آموزشگاهی
ایجاد تنوع و تقویت انگیزه
پیشنهاداتی برای رشد و توسعه خلاقیت
جوسازی مطلوب در کلاس درس
اصولاً در هر سازمانی (از جمله مدرسه و محیط آموزشی) مجموعه عوامل مختلفی دست به دست هم می دهند و «جو سازی» به خصوصی را به وجود می آورند. از جمله این عوامل می توان به محیط فرهنگی حاکم بر سازمان, ویژگی های فردی و شخصیتی اعضا سازمان, محیط فیزیکی و امکانات مادی سازمان, نیازها و مشکلات موجود, درجه آزادی افراد (که عموماً متناسب با بلوغ فکری آن ها برای ایشان در نظر گرفته شده است) و عوامل دیگری از این قبیل اشاره نمود.
«جو سازی» در مدرسه نیز یکی از عوامل مهم تسهیل کننده و یا بازدارنده روابط انسانی است. در این زمینه, حاکمیت جو «بسته» و یا جو مسموم که موجبات ترس, بی اعتمادی و عدم بیان نیازها و مشکلات را به وجود می آورد, سبب انسداد راه های برقراری ارتباط و مهار استعدادها و خلاقیت می شود و بالعکس, در محیطی که جوی سالم وجود دارد و افراد احساس آزادی منطقی, اعتماد, مالکیت و هویت می کنند, بدون تردید زمینه های تبادل افکار, انتقال احساسات و شکوفایی استعدادها فراهم می شود.
در کلاس درس غالباً مجموعه عوامل متعددی دست به دست هم می دهند و جو روانی به خصوصی را در کلاس پدید می آورند. اگر دو کلاس یا دو مدرسه مجاور یا نسبتاً نزدیک به هم در یک مقطع تحصیلی, که از نظر شرایط اقتصادی, اجتماعی و فرهنگی کاملاً شبیه به هم هستند را در نظر بگیریم, متوجه می شویم که جو حاکم بر آن ها با هم فرق دارد. در این رابطه گرچه وضعیت فیزیکی کلاس درس و همچنین سطح انگیزه روانی و وضعیت روحی, روانی و عاطفی فراگیرندگان به نوبه خود در شکل گیری جو روانی کلاس مؤثر هستند, اما می توان گفت که نقش معلم در به وجود آوردن چنین فضایی به مراتب مهم تر و تعیین کننده تر است.
از این رو معلم در کلاس درس خود بایستی برای ایجاد یک جو سالم روانی کوشش کند و در راستای نیل به این منظور, می بایست از همه عوامل دخیل در این مسأله کمک بگیرد.
مشاهده می شود که وضعیت فیزیکی و تصویر ظاهری معلم, همچنین صدای معلم, (از جهت کیفیت, طنین, حالت, سرعت و ملایمت روانی آن) در ایجاد جو روانی مطلوب در کلاس, اثرگذار می باشد. صدای شاداب, آرامبخش و طبیعی معلم به ایجاد فضای آرام و خالی از تنش در
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فرهنگ و رفتار اجتماعى ایرانیان قبل از اسلام
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فرهنگ ایران باستان
فرهنگ ایران باستان
بررسی جامع تاریخ و فرهنگ و جغرافیای ایران را در دوران ماد می توان به اعتباری مشکل ترین و پیچیده ترین بخش از دورانهای تاریخی این سرزمین به شمار آورد. وجود نظریه پردازیهای پژوهشگران مختلف که هر یک در زمینه أی خاص ، چون زبان شناسی ، نژادشناسی ، دین شناسی و… صاحب نظر بوده و از دیدگاه خود با موضوع برخورد کرده اند از یک سو ، و نیز نظرات پژوهشگرانی که کار خود را متوجه بخشهای خاصی از مجموعه جامعه ایران هزاره اول ق.م. ، مانند ایلامیان ، ماناییها ، اورارتوها و یا تمدنها و دولتهای همجوار چون آشور و بابل ساخته اند ، از سوی دیگر عامل موثر در ایجاد پیچیدگی و دشواری مسیر پژوهش گردیده است.
این پیچیدگی بدان جهت است که عمده این پژوهشگران کوشیده اند تا هر چه بیشتر بر موضوع مورد نظر خود تاکید کنند و با مرزبندیهای بسیار مستحکم ، به هر بخش به عنوان واحدی مستقل در تمامی ابعاد بنگرند . عجیب آنکه با ورود به دوران هخامنشی ، این نحوه برخورد به میزان غیر قابل تصوری دگرگون گردیده و با نگاهی جامع و فراگیر به آن برخورد شده است . اما ، با توجه به اینکه دانش باستان شناسی در این مورد بیشتر و بهتر از علومدیگر می تواند اظهار نظر کند ، در کل بررسیهای این دوران باستان شناسی نقش عمده و اساسی بر عهده ندارد.
برای شناخت جامع فرهنگ و تمدن دوران ماد که تاثیری بنیادین بر دورانهای بعد و به ویژه عهد هخامنشیان گذارده است ، آگاهی بر وضع این اقوام و دولتهای منطقه ای گریز ناپذیر می باشد . به ویژه آنکه گروهی از تاریخ نویسان بر حسب گرایشهای خاص خود درباره اصل و منشاء هر یک از این قومها و منطقه حکمروایی، زبان و تمدن و رویدادهای مربوط به آنان ، به گونه ای مطلب را عنوان کرده اند که خواننده بدون توجه به موقعیت جغرافیایی آنان و وسعت حوزه اقتدارشان چنان می پندارد که هر یک به صورت جزیره ای جدا از دیگران و با اصل و منشئی متفاوت ، صاحب فرهنگ و تمدنی از ریشه ویژه و مستقل بودنده اند. ولیکن در اصل، عمده آنان